https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/yield-to-maturity-ytm/
Yield to Maturity (YTM) – otherwise referred to as redemption or book yield – is the speculative rate of return or interest rate of a fixed-rate security, such as a bond. The YTM is based on the belief or understanding that an investor purchases the security at the current market price and holds it until the security has matured (reached its full value), and that all interest and coupon payments are made in a timely fashion.
YTM is typically expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR). It is determined through the use of the following formula:
Where:
The formula’s purpose is to determine the yield of a bond (or other fixed-asset security) according to its most recent market price. The YTM calculation is structured to show – based on compounding – the effective yield a security should have once it reaches maturity. It is different from simple yield, which determines the yield a security should have upon maturity, but is based on dividends and not compounded interest.
It’s important to understand that the formula above is only useful for an approximated YTM. In order to calculate the true YTM, an analyst or investor must use the trial and error method. This is done by using a variety of rates that are substituted into the current value slot of the formula. The true YTM is determined once the price matches that of the security’s actual current market price.
Alternatively, this process can be sped up by utilizing the SOLVER function in Excel, which determines a value based on conditions that can be set. This means that an analyst can set the present value (price) of the security and solve for the YTM which acts as the interest rate for the PV calculation.
Learn more about how to use SOLVER with CFI’s free Excel Modeling Fundamentals Course!
To get a better understanding of the YTM formula and how it works, let’s look at an example.
Assume that there is a bond on the market priced at $850 and that the bond comes with a face value of $1,000 (a fairly common face value for bonds). On this bond, yearly coupons are $150. The coupon rate for the bond is 15% and the bond will reach maturity in 7 years.